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Quechua people (/ˈkɛtʃuə/, US also /ˈkɛtʃwɑː/; Spanish: [ˈketʃwa]) or Quecha peoples may refer to any or all speakers of the Quechua languages, which originated among the indigenous peoples of South America. The time of the Spanish conquest of South America has produced the mestizo half-breed of Spaniards and Quechua indigenous races. Beginning with the colonial era and intensifying after the South American states had gained their independence, large landowners appropriated all or most of the land and forced the native population into bondage (known in Ecuador as Huasipungo, from Kichwa wasipunku, "front door"). Territory and characteristics of the land: Cuzco at 3,420 m high in the Peruvian Andes was the Inca capital, and it remains the great center of the Quechua even today. The following list of Quechua ethnic groups is only a selection and delimitations vary. Quechuas (also Runakuna, Kichwas, and Ingas) is the collective term for several indigenous ethnic groups in South America who speak a Quechua language (Southern Quechua mainly), belonging to several ethnic groups in South America, especially in Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and Argentina.. Traditional clothing persists in many Quechua communities even in cities and townships. '"[9], The speakers of Quechua, who total some 4.4 million people in Peru, 1.6 million in Bolivia, 2.2 million in Ecuador (Hornberger and King, 2001), and according to Ethnologue (2006) 8,200 in Chile, 60,000 in Argentina, and a few hundred in Brazil, have an only slight sense of common identity. The Quechuas of Ecuador call themselves as well as their language … They weave naturally-dyed cotton and wool into fabrics for clothing and handicrafts. They are still commonly worn today.[28]. Quechua people or Quecha people, may refer to any of the indigenous people of South America who speak the Quechua languages, which originated among the indigenous people of Peru. Quechua was spoken by some of these people, for example, the Wanka, before the Incas of Cusco, while other people, especially in Bolivia but also in Ecuador, adopted Quechua only in Inca times or afterward. Coca leaves are the raw material from which cocaine, one of Peru's most historically important exports, is chemically extracted. Quechua words that have been assimilated into the English language include puma, condor, llama, and coca. Another leader who came from the Quechua race is Peruvian Viceroyalty José Gabriel Túpac Amaru who early on led a revolutionary uprising against the Spanish colonialist in 1780. They subsist on agriculture such as pastoral farming and cultivation of arable crops. A distinction is made between two primary types of joint work. Indigenous Quechua people at Otavalo market, Ecuador, South America. Image of colourful, tradition, outdoors - … Quechua (/ ˈ k ɛ tʃ u ə /, US also / ˈ k ɛ tʃ w ɑː /; Spanish: ), usually called Runasimi ("people's language") in Quechuan languages, is an indigenous language family spoken by the Quechua peoples, primarily living in the Peruvian Andes. Other notable Quechua are Martin Chambi, a photographer, Diego Quispe Tito, an artist and painter, Benjamin Bratt, an American actor, Josh Keaton, also an American actor, and Penelope Velasco, an American activist. Even in urban Ecuador, there is a strong emphasis on the nuclear family, due in large part to the pervasiveness of Roman Catholicism. Types Of Crimes By Number Of Offenses In The US. In certain regions, women also generally wear Western-style clothing. [11][12] Some Quechua speakers claim that if nation states in Latin America had been built following the European pattern, they should be a single, independent nation. Quechua people (/ˈkɛtʃuə/,[6][7] US also /ˈkɛtʃwɑː/;[8] Spanish: [ˈketʃwa]) or Quecha people, may refer to any of the indigenous people of South America who speak the Quechua languages, which originated among the indigenous people of Peru. A ch'ullu is frequently worn. The most distinctive part of men's clothing is the handwoven poncho. Starting at puberty, Quechua girls begin wearing multiple layers of petticoats and skirts; the more petticoats and skirts worn by a young woman, the more desirable a bride she would be, due to her family's wealth (represented by the number of petticoats and skirts). The speakers of Quechua, who total some 9-14 million people in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia and Argentina, have so far only slightly developed a common sense of identity. Quechuas (also Runakuna, Kichwas, and Ingas) is the collective term for several indigenous ethnic groups in South America who speak a Quechua language (Southern Quechua mainly), belonging to several ethnic groups in South America, especially in Peru, … The Quechua Indians and their contemporaries may share some similarities in their way of life but only to a certain extent. ... Mostly in Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador. 231 ff. You can reach the phones and emails listed here. And to me, that’s true luxury. The lowland and city Quechua people have mostly been influenced by modern culture introduced by the Spaniards. The history of the Quechua people is directly linked with the Inca Empire. Quechua är en språkfamilj bestående av 46 olika varianter i Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia och Argentina. The most common Quechua dialect is Southern Quechua. The Kichwa ethnic groups of Ecuador which are part of the ECUARUNARI association were recently able to regain communal land titles or the return of estates—in some cases through militant activity. Quechua People. Currently there are about 12 million people who speak Quechua. It is based on agriculture in the lower altitude regions, and on pastoral farming in the higher regions of the Puna. Although there are dialectal variations, it is not an obstacle for the … Juliane Bambula Diaz und Mario Razzeto: Ketschua-Lyrik. [citation needed]. A woven belt called a chumpi is also worn which provides protection to the lower back when working in the fields. Yet Ecuador’s nuclear family has some problems. [16][17], Pachamanca, a Quechua word for a pit cooking technique used in Peru, includes several types of meat such as chicken, beef, pork, lamb, and/or mutton; tubers such as potatoes, sweet potatoes, yucca, uqa/ok’a (oca in Spanish), and mashwa; other vegetables such as maize/corn and fava beans; seasonings; and sometimes cheese in a small pot and/or tamales. Some say that Quechua language was born from the musical sounds of nature, such as thunder, running water, wind, and birdcalls. The Quechua language is a co-official language to Spanish in Peru but is a second language in Bolivia. 2. By Rolando Y. Wee on April 25 2017 in Society. Reclam, Leipzig 1976, pp. Quechua was not only spoken by the Incas, but also by their long-term enemies of the Inca Empire, like the Huanca (Wanka is a Quechua dialect spoken today in the Huancayo area) and the Chanka (the Chanca dialect of Ayacucho) of Peru, and the Kañari (Cañari) in Ecuador. Countries: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile. [18][19], Guinea pigs are also sometimes raised for meat. Of the myths still alive today, the Inkarrí myth common in southern Peru is especially interesting; it forms a cultural element linking the Quechua groups throughout the region from Ayacucho to Cusco. In almost all Quechua ethnic groups, many traditional handicrafts are an important aspect of material culture. The first ch'ullu that a child receives is traditionally knitted by his father. Some others are located in Chile, close to the Bolivian border and also, in Northern Argentina. Meetings, weddings, and festivals all form part of the Quechua people's traditional entertainment. 134,406,188 stock photos online. Of course, if your interest is learning Quechua in private, we are here to serve you. This early divergence in their migration paths has created distinct mountain- and jungle-Quichua identity and culture. [13][15], Up to the present time Quechuas continue to be victims of political conflicts and ethnic persecution. The traditional dress worn by Quechua women today is a mixture of styles from Pre-Spanish days and Spanish Colonial peasant dress. They live in clay brick houses with straw roofs. Large areas of Ecuador and the borderline with Colombia are also inhabited by these tribes. [citation needed] Quechua became Peru's second official language in 1969 under the infamous dictatorship of Juan Velasco Alvarado. The term compadresrefer to couples who serve as godparents to each other’s children. When the newly elected Peruvian members of parliament Hilaria Supa Huamán and María Sumire swore their oath of office in Quechua—for the first time in the history of Peru in an indigenous language—the Peruvian parliamentary president Martha Hildebrandt and the parliamentary officer Carlos Torres Caro refused their acceptance.[22]. director@quechuaschool.org People throughout Ecuador are thoroughly familiar with the economic machinations at the pinnacle of power and argue against aggressive self– serving capitalism and corporate privatization while at the same time looking to patrons in the government for relief from poverty and opportunities to advance socially and economically. [2] Quechua är agglutinerande, och den vanligaste ordföljden är subjekt–objekt–verb. We could learn a lot from the way the Quechua people live their lives. Some indigenous farmers re-occupied their ancestors' lands and expelled the landlords during the takeover of governments by infamous dictatorships in the middle of the 20th century, such as in 1952 in Bolivia (Víctor Paz Estenssoro) and 1968 in Peru (Juan Velasco Alvarado). Where Do They Live? They are cheap and durable. The word Quechua was originally used for the official language of about 11 million indigenous people in South America. Younger Quechua men generally wear Western-style clothing, the most popular being synthetic football shirts and tracksuit pants. ", "My Peru - A Guide to the Culture and Traditions of the Andean Communities of Peru", https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/grupos-etnicos/presentacion-grupos-etnicos-2019.pdf, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Bolivia : Highland Aymara and Quechua, Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quechua_people&oldid=994086651, Articles with dead external links from July 2016, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from August 2018, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 14 December 2020, at 01:29. Practically all Quechuas in the Andes have been nominally Roman Catholic since colonial times. The Quechua are indigenous people living in the highlands of Peru and neighbouring countries, far away from modern society. How many people speak Quechua? Ayni is, in contrast, reciprocal assistance, whereby members of an ayllu help a family to accomplish a large private project, for example house construction, and in turn can expect to be similarly helped later with a project of their own. Modern Quechua peoples have been influenced by Spanish cultural elements that were introduced by the conquistadors such as Christianity, domesticated animals, and farming implements. [21] The Bolivian film director Jorge Sanjinés dealt with the issue of forced sterilization in 1969 in his Quechua-language feature film Yawar Mallku. 7% of the population is Amerindian. Today, the Quichua are one of the largest groups of indigenous peoples in Ecuador. Kichwa is a variety of Peruvian Quechua. Since ancient times men have worn small woven pouches called ch'uspa used to carry their coca leaves.[29]. They also share many of these with the Aymara, or other indigenous peoples of the central Andes. It is spoken by millions of people in Peru (about 8 million), Ecuador (nearly 2 million), and Bolivia (about 1 million). For the most part, Ecuadorians are known as being “Mestizo” – a combination of Spanish and Amerindian descent. In Chile, Argentina and Uruguay. The Quecha diaspora includes the indigenous people from Argentina (55,493 in number), Peru (3,500.000), Bolivia (2,910,000), Ecuador (2,568,000), Colombia, and Chile (at 8,200 Chilean Quechua strong). Here you can learn Quechua, its culture and support the people in their sustainable development. There is some dispute in Ecuador on how to identify Amerindians – whether by physical characteristics or by how they identify themselves. Harsh conditions of exploitation repeatedly led to revolts by the indigenous farmers, which were forcibly suppressed. In some cases these are village communities of just a few hundred people, in other cases ethnic groups of over a million. Also important are the mountain spirits (apu) as well as lesser local deities (wak'a), who are still venerated especially in southern Peru. Quechua was spoken by some of these people, for example, the Wanka, before the Incas of Cusco, while other people, especially in Bolivia but also in Ecuador, adopted Quechua only in Inca times or afterward. Quechua ethnic groups also share traditional religions with other Andean peoples, particularly belief in Mother Earth (Pachamama), who grants fertility and to whom burnt offerings and libations are regularly made. It was the Incas that conquered the many different Quechua tribes in South America and assimilated some of these peoples to their own race. In the highlands of these two countries, the Quechua language is spoken as sole language by about 50% of the population although 80% speak Quechua but use other dialects instead while 90% understand the Quechua language. A large group is located in the mountainous areas of Peru and Bolivia and over 10% of the Peruvian population is considered to be Quechua. Men's fine dress includes a woollen waistcoat, similar to a sleeveless juyuna as worn by the women but referred to as a chaleco. Although most Quechua speakers are native to the country of origin, there are some significant populations living in Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and Argentina. [13][14] Quinoa is another staple crop grown by Quechua peoples. Today, pure Quechua peoples can only be found in far-flung communities in their respective countries. These include the figure of Nak'aq or Pishtaco ("butcher"), the white murderer who sucks out the fat from the bodies of the indigenous peoples he kills,[23] and a song about a bloody river. Today, the word, Quechua also means the indigenous people themselves who speak the Quechua language. This is also a result of steady migration to large cities (especially to Lima), which has resulted in acculturation by Hispanic society there. [citation needed]. Tomo 1", "Quechua - meaning of Quechua in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English", https://www.frommers.com/destinations/peru/in-depth/language, "Climate Change Threatens Quechua and Their Crops in Peru's Andes - Inter Press Service", "Quechua - Introduction, Location, Language, Folklore, Religion, Major holidays, Rites of passage", "Peru's Pitmasters Bury Their Meat in the Earth, Inca-Style", "Archivo - Servindi - Servicios de Comunicación Intercultural", "Inkarrí (Inkarriy, Inka Rey) - Q'iru (Q'ero), Pukyu, Wamanqa llaqtakunamanta", "La Paz and Tiwanaku: colour, bowler hats and llama fetuses - Don't Forget Your Laptop! Men sometimes wear a felt hat called a sombrero over the top of the ch'ullu decorated with centillo, finely decorated hat bands. These people had so much ‘less’ and yet their lives were all the richer for it. Most Quechua speakers live in Peru, although there is a significant population living in Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and Argentina. When chewed, coca acts as a mild stimulant and suppresses hunger, thirst, pain, and fatigue; it is also used to alleviate altitude sickness. The various Quechua dialects are in some cases so different that no mutual understanding is possible. Notable Quechua personalities are a mix of leaders, revolutionaries, activists, and entertainers. The Quichua are also the only people to have migrated both south along the ridges and valleys of the Andes mountains and east into the rainforest of the Amazon Basin. Modern Quechua are descendants of the Canaris, Chancas, Huancas, Incas, and other South American indigenous peoples. "Quechua speakers call themselves Runa -- simply translated, 'the people. Cañaris (in Ecuador; adopted the Quechua language from the Inca). However, after the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors, the Quechua peoples were summarily killed by execution and foreign diseases, which was more than the Incas could have done as their population grew, an Inca fear about being outnumbered. Ancient Quechua culture and entertainment are linked with Inca traditions. Nevertheless, traditional religious forms persist in many regions, blended with Christian elements - a fully integrated Syncretism. What Are Their Lives Like? Photo about May 27, 2017 Sangolqui, Ecuador: indigenous quechua people in colourful traditional costumes performing dances as opening of a rural rodeo event. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions © 2020 worldatlas.com, Countries With The Most People Living Abroad - Emigration Rate by Country. The largest of these revolts occurred 1780–1781 under the leadership of José Gabriel Kunturkanki. It is the most spoken indigenous language in Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. 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