The sweep flocs can be described as large aggregates of Al(OH)3/Fe(OH)3 that are formed when Al/Fe salt is added to water. Colloids can be destabilized by sweep flocculation (Enmeshment in a precipitate) If metal salts, e.g., Al 2 (SO 4) 3 , FeCl 3 are added in sufficient quantities to exceed the solubility products of the metal hydroxide, oxide or, sometimes carbonates a “sweep floc” … dosages can provide for more sweep floc formation which can further reduce turbidity. endstream endobj startxref Further, sweep flocs are positively charged and the colloids of clay minerals abundantly found in the water are negatively charged. 1b�������?��xh'�}��Zb���cÓ����ֳُR8��~}>��S8>����G��O���. Accordingly, when Al2O3 concentra-tion was similar in the coagulant, PACB showed higher removal efficiencies of turbidity, CODMn, TP, and PO4-P comparing with PAC, especially in the lower range of coagulant dose. A low shear rate resulted in heterogeneous floc structure, which was also detected by an increase in the ratio of the viscous component to elastic component in the rheological measurement. In civil engineering, and in the earth sciences, flocculation is a condition in which clays, polymers or other small charged particles become attached and form a fragile structure, a floc. Once the particles in the water are destabilized through the mechanism of sweep flocculation, they are now able to collide with each other and stick together. The combined processes of coagulation and 9 flocculation aim to increase particle size for increased removal efficiency of very 10 small particles, colloids and micro-pollutants. Sedimentation, flotation and/or filtration systems are then used to separate the floc (see the section sedimentation, filtration, as well as flocculators – settlin… Floc formation and breakage 7 Floc strength is directly related to floc structure and is therefore highly dependent 8 upon the floc formation process. In potable water treatment, clarification of water using coagulating agents has been practiced from ancient times. Material for this article was largely taken from reference1.Coagulation and flocculation are essential processes in various disciplines. This is known as ‘sweep-floc’ coagulation (Packham, 1965). At low concentrations and 0.5 s −1 shear rate, flow induced a formation of floc cylinders between the rotating cylinder and stationary cup surface. The solubility of Al(OH) 3 (s) and Fe(OH) 3 (s) is minimal at a particular pH and increases as the pH increases or decreases from that value. Coagulation and flocculation are an essential part of wastewater treatment in a variety of industries. Once particles have stuck together they are called a floc, and the process of encouraging the formation of flocs is called flocculation. Coagulation and flocculation are an essential part of drinking water treatment as well as wastewater treatment. From the numerous reviews of the fundamental theory and mechanisms of coagulation, various mechanisms for destabilizing contaminants using chemical coagulants have been identified. It is found that fractal dimension is lower for sweep-floc coagulation where larger and more irregular aggregates are produced. sweep floc. Rapid mixing effects were different, de-pending on raw water characteristics. The growth of the sweep floc is continuously increased in the slow mixing step up until the floc breakage dominates. (Floc … The higher the coagulant dosage was, the larger but the weaker the floc was. As early as 2000 BC the Egyptians used alm… IDENTIFICATION OF THE MATERIAL AND SUPPLIER . endstream endobj 58 0 obj <> endobj 59 0 obj <> endobj 60 0 obj <>stream Precipitation of amorphous metal hydroxide is necessary for sweep-floc coagulation. In contrast, like-charges of a polymer chain tend to expand when there is a mutual repulsion. … Although both are used for similar purposes, they differ in their dosing method - in EC the coagulant is added by electrolytic oxidation of an appropriate anode material, while in CC dissolution of a chemical coagulant is used. tm��� n�r����|���zl��:[����z�[-q�˵�X����\N�Y��A��'Z�� �ʊZi� In dispersed clay slurries , flocculation occurs after mechanical agitation ceases and the dispersed clay platelets spontaneously form flocs because of attractions between negative face charges and positive edge charges. This is referred to as the “sweep-floc” mechanism. Case A. Flocculation will be useless in this case due to the low number of particles present, unless sweep floc formation is desired (which is not the case). suspension and settled along with the sinking iron or aluminium. Conventional drinking water treatment processes: flocculation Flocculation or mixing Rapid mixing: for mixing the coagulant Detention time is approx. The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The floc formation growth indicated that PACl coagulation occurred not only by charge neutralization but also by a form of sweep flocculation. h�b```f``��,�@�� (����cÐV)��-�&}� ö�|M�q06�144 � ���P � 74 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 76 /H [ 774 364 ] /L 515634 /E 311455 /N 7 /T 514036 >> endobj xref 74 17 0000000016 00000 n 0000000687 00000 n 0000001138 00000 n 0000001292 00000 n 0000001469 00000 n 0000002259 00000 n 0000002298 00000 n 0000002753 00000 n 0000004470 00000 n 0000005259 00000 n 0000005743 00000 n 0000011706 00000 n 0000017669 00000 n 0000311028 00000 n 0000311167 00000 n 0000000774 00000 n 0000001117 00000 n trailer << /Size 91 /Info 73 0 R /Root 75 0 R /Prev 514026 /ID[<670b2e1a7bfbcb5918ddc0c60bd1f0bf><670b2e1a7bfbcb5918ddc0c60bd1f0bf>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 75 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 62 0 R /JT 72 0 R /PageLabels 61 0 R >> endobj 89 0 obj << /S 186 /L 281 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 90 0 R >> stream 2. While effective, this process adds to the overall sludge volume that needs to be removed from the water. effective floc formation without subsequent floc breakup is critical to create stable flocculation units. The type of coagulation mechanism induced – be it surface adsorption or precipitate formation (“sweep “floc”) – when using metal salts (such as aluminum or iron) is governed by the solubility boundary of the coagulant and therefore is highly dependent on pH, and coagulant dose (Amirtharajah and O'Melia, 1990). Other particles in the water are swept up into the ... floc formation. %��}���� ����;�9�|9!���K1�Pw �Q�B��HL� X��dzT�xj} 'Ӳ(�t�-j��(|�����S�d .|J`f��s�9����2� ��+ %PDF-1.3 %���� erned by the sweep floc mechanism. Zone 4 coagulation, also known as sweep floc, was used for these experiments. This sweep-floc precipitate readily adsorbs organic materials such as oil and grease. The results presented here provide insight to jar test data and help explain why better settling often is observed in practice for sweep-floc coagulation as compared to floc produced by a charge-neutralization mechanism. The evolution of aggregate size distributions resulting from sweep flocculation has been investigated using laser light scattering technique. Carefully vacuum or sweep up spill and place in suitable containers for reuse or disposal. I'�0���r2��U�)H���㱶��K�i ��f��*_=4�(�䃲K#��٪���3_\���#! Yet, some aspects involved within floc formation and ... To maximize the sweep flocculation mechanism, as it is recommended for the removal of M. aeruginosa cells by sedimentation [17], This allows the organic molecules to contribute to floc formation and is often FOCUS FLOC / POOL FAST POOL FLOC FOCUS FLOC / POOL FAST POOL FLOC 1. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [24, 38, 40]. 3��z���&+��d�*P�6j��؞U1�*�6eE~�6��W�:���Ͳ��7+�#�L6u�dz����CV�Su�"[�_}�Z �I��5����L(>��}�P�r�f�'�bCWQ�ZQ$|��zi'���&9w#�4F��A��y 0 h�bbd``b`j�@�� H�H ��$�02� )a`$����� � m�� Clogged filters lead to head loss problems in the filters and increased filter washing. The sweep flocs can be described as large aggregates of Al(OH) 3 /Fe(OH) 3 that are formed when Al/Fe salt is added to water. Dissolved organic can be removed by adsorption on aluminum precipitation (Benschoten, 1990). "\�Q��&baVg�:/���TyV�53��Z3������T�| �e�� During the process of Flocculation, in the field of chemistry, is a process wherein colloids come out ofsuspension in the form of floc or flake; either spontaneously or due to the addition of aclarifying agent. Underdosing coagulants will cause problems with floc formation while overdosing coagulants can cause clogging during the filter process. Besides, flocs formed by ALCAT had better sizes than the flocs formed by PAX 18 and PAX XL19H. By measuring the (volume) distributions of floc size, it is possible to distinguish clearly among floc formation, growth and breakage. December 5, 2011 SUBJECT:Finalization of Guidance on Incorporation of Water Treatment Effects on Pesticide Removal and Transformations in Drinking Water Exposure Assessments FROM:/s/ Donald Brady, Director, Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P), Office of Pesticide Programs TO:Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P), Office of Pesticide Programs Through this memorandum I am announcing a limited update and revision of the existing guidance entitled "The Inco… %PDF-1.5 %���� Under the circumstances, direct filtration is the most logical option. Although slightly less alum than ferric chloride was needed to reach an . Flocculation is the second stage of the combined process and … 57 0 obj <> endobj *If an excess coagulant is added so that the dosed water pH is less than 5.0, then the metal ions will directly neutralize the negatively charged organic compounds and colloids in the raw water. This theory simply postulates that the coagulant(s) added form a precipitate (a solubility product is exceeded) which settles by gravity in a reasonable time. �l`�&~������@B���]�4#w��1�Ϩ ` ;�� Electrocoagulation (EC) and chemical coagulation (CC) are employed in water treatment for particle removal. H�b```"6V��� ce`a�`�d`�V� u�9J�a��#Ʈ�O��:@T�%qT�l4Y�q�P������V�0xV�̢Zܑ̑�(���ऻ�i���L�Ӵ# ���@�0|�� �]0��9��@ ��@���>���b��:��| L�� @_90.n/`����!f��6�#����jUk�4Np`. Key Words :Coagulation, Basicity, Phosphorus Previous studies have mostly focused on … Water treatment plants operating under an optimization program that emphasizes sedimentation turbidity and establishes exceedingly low limits (e.g. hޤ�_o�0���=n��؉4!Q6�JkW-h�T�R�f The process is basically a combination of destabilisation (charge neutralisation) and transport (physical entrainment) (Amirtharajah, 1990). The coagulant dosage governed the floc size and strength in the sweep floc region. It was found that flocs formed by preformed Al 13, where formation mainly depends on the neutralization mechanism, contributed to flocs with larger fractal dimension than those formed using AlCl 3 (Xu et al., 2011). %%EOF Sweep floc occurs when coagulant is added past the point of solubility, creating insoluble “flocs” that aggregate. "sweep floc" theory. 7. Experiments on floc development were carried out at the optimised pH values and under conditions in which the turbulence scaling parameter, ε, the rate of energy dissipation per unit mass was held constant at each of the reference temperatures. This result indicated that sweep flocs are produced at high formation rate in the rapid mixing step as also noted by Amirtharajah and Mills, 1982. 4 ... formation, development, and settlement of floc can be watched just as it would be in the full-scale treatment plant. Frequently used inorganic coagulants include aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride, and ferric sulfate. This article provides an overview of the processes and looks at the latest thinking. For this referred to as sweep-floc coagulation. Compared to … 64 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<35B4F09D71AD0B4391C840FF2335D05C>]/Index[57 22]/Info 56 0 R/Length 54/Prev 131923/Root 58 0 R/Size 79/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream <1.0 NTU) may need to feed higher dosage of both coagulant and base It is intuitive that the sweep flocs are weak and prone to breakage. 78 0 obj <>stream The precipitate generally dewaters to low moisture concentration, making this choice of coagulant particularly well-suited to unit operations that generate hazardous sludge, such as DGF and IGF units in oil refineries. Water B) where pH remains fairly constant and sweep floc is the main coagulation mechanism. Product Name Focus Floc / Pool Fast Pool Floc ... Avoid dust formation. Coagulation and flocculation processes are used to facilitate the elimination of suspended solids and colloids by gathering these together to form floc. Consequently, secondary sedimentation will also be redundant. 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