glabra Kitamura, formerly B. campestris L. subsp. According to the literature, in turnip (B. rapa L.), the amount of total glucosinolates was detected not to be influenced by storage temperature, due to opposite responses of aliphatic and indolic glucosinolates against temperature. In: Talekar NS, Griggs TD (eds) Chinese cabbage. In A Complete Course in Canning and Related Processes (Fourteenth Edition), 2016. Currently, most of the canola grown in North American countries is hybrid cultivars. For canning, small sweet turnips, less than 1½ in. ). Young turnip roots are eaten raw in salads or pickled, and the young leaves may be cooked and served. Heidelberg, Mithen RF, Magrath R (1992) Glucosinolates and resistance to, Muangprom A, Mauriera I, Osborn TC (2006) Transfer of a dwarf gene from, Nellist CF, Qian W, Jenner CE, Moore JD, Zhang S et al (2014) Multiple copies of eukaryotic translation initiation factors in, Niu XK, Wu FY, Zhong HH, Li XS (1980) The selection and utilization of Chinese cabbage (B. pekinensis Rupr.) The cabbage white butterfly population attacking canola (Brassica rapa and B. napus) over the past 30 years in north central states of the USA diverged phenotypically relative to a population reared on radish (Raphanus sativus) (Sikkink et al., 2017). Brassica napus is an amphidiploid (2n = 38, AACC) of B. rapa (2n = 20, AA) and B. oleracea (2n = 18, CC), the cabbages, and kales. Brassica rapa subsp. PINK, in Genetic Improvement of Vegetable Crops, 1993. Indian J Genet Plant Breed 26(3):374–380, Crute IR, Gray AR, Crisp P, Buczacki ST (1980) Variation in, Das K, Pandey B (1961) Male sterility in brown sarson. HortScience 29(3):202–203, Hecht S (2000) Inhibition of carcinogenesis by isothiocyanates 1. 5) are characterized by a high content of macro and microminerals, as well as high glucosinolates contents (Table 1). Fast Plants were developed at the University of Wisconsin - Madison in the plant research program of Professor Paul H. Williams. Differences were found in size, developmental rate, and diapause induction rates. Customized processing interventions for C/RS are required to obtain a suitable protein for food use and current commercial oil extraction techniques amplify these challenges. Part of Springer Nature. The cultivation cycles are short, obtaining a staggered harvest with different sizes of reserve root, from 30 to 60 days after sowing. HortScience 105:571–573, Provvidente R (1981) Sources of resistance to turnip mosaic virus in Chinese cabbage. 2013). The can sizes are all in Imperial units. It is hardy to zone (UK) 7 and is not frost tender. Canola varieties could belong to Brassica rapa, Brassica napus or Brassica juncea. The plant of these species develops in temperatures of 18 to 20 °C, although it tolerates low temperatures (5 °C). Brassica rapa yields seeds from the moment it is a seed in about 34 days (Lauffer, 18). Brassicaor Cruciferous vegetables are the most important genus of the Brassicaceae family and consist of thirty-seven different species. 2010; Chen et al. The swede (Brassica napus L. var. The chapter also discusses the breeding strategies and methods for these two crops and the application of biotechnology in their breeding. Because of the ability of the Brassica seeds to germinate and grow at low temperatures, these oilseed crops are among the few oil crops that can be grown in the temperate regions of the world. Toxicity in livestock, particularly horses, can create symptoms such as colic, It is grown for its edible leaves. Generally, self-pollination occurs readily in the amphi-diploid species and selfed seed may easily be obtained by enclosing the flowering racemes in bags. The minimum initial temperature stated is the average temperature of the contents of the coldest can in the retort at the time that the steam is turned on for the start of the process. Fernanda Zaccari, ... Ali Saadoun, in Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability, 2019. Brassica rapa is a crop species of economic importance. To date, there has been limited effort to improve the C/RS protein quality or quantity through plant breeding compared to the efforts to improve oil quality and yield. Eur J Nutr 47:73–88, Heath DW, Earle ED, Dickson MH (1994) Introgressing cold-tolerant Ogura cytoplasm from rapeseed into pak choi and Chinese cabbage. Z. Tacer-Caba, in Glucosinolates: Properties, Recovery, and Applications, 2020. The Asain Vegetable Research and Development Centre, Taiwan, pp 423–430, Qian W, Zhang S, Zhang S, Li F, Zhang H et al (2013) Mapping and candidate-gene screening of the novel Turnip mosaic virus resistance gene retr02 in Chinese cabbage (, Rahman MH (2001) Production of yellow-seeded, Rask L, Andreasson E, Ekbom B, Eriksson S, Pontoppidan B et al (2000) Myrosinase: gene family evolution and herbivore defense in Brassicaceae. Brassica oilseed crops are primarily grown to produce edible oil and meal for animal feed; however, small quantities are used directly for feed and planting seed. napobrassica Peterm) and turnip (Brassica rapa L. var. Brassica rapa. Aug 28, 2011. These oilseed crops collectively contribute about 15% of the world's total supply of vegetable oils and became the third-leading source of oil in the world after soybean and palm. Acta Horticulturae Sinica 19(4):333–340, Keck A, Finley J (2004) Cruciferous vegetables: cancer protective mechanisms of glucosinolate hydrolysis products and selenium. Traditional rapeseed and mustard seeds contain a high level of erucic fatty acid in oil (> 40% of the total fatty acids) and a high level of glucosinolates in seed meal (> 100 μmol g− 1). Brassica rapa is a crop species of economic importance. Brassica spp. The first step (3–7 days) is the hetero-fermentative stage: the LAB ferment glucose into several products such as acids, alcohol, and carbon dioxide. For many of these, growers have to rely upon chemical methods of control; however, host resistance is available for some of the major pests and diseases. Figure 3.1. Brassica rapa is one of the key Brassica species and used against different types of cancer. It belongs to the genus Brassica, tribe Brassiceae of the family Brassicaceae. The term ‘double-low rapeseed’ or ‘rapeseed’ or ‘oilseed rape’ is still being used for this quality-improved type in some countries as well as in some articles. It is difficult to distinguish Brassica chromosomes as they are small and morphologically similar. They are washed and scraped, or are steamed and the skin slipped off. Brassica rapa dichotoma. It has a high morphological diversity and unique metabolite profile; therefore, turnips are widely utilized (Takuno et al., 2007). Figure 5. Fermentation is conducted at room temperature until the desirable level of titratable acidity is reached (at least 1% of lactic acid formed), usually after 2–3 weeks (Jung et al., 2014; Peñas et al., 2017). The name Brassica rapa might be unfamiliar, but most Singaporeans will likely have a favourite vegetable from this species. Phytochemistry 67(11):1053–1067, Cao MQ, Li Y, Liu F, Doré C (1994) Embryogenesis and plant regeneration of pak choi (, Chen BY, Heneen WK (1989) Fatty acid composition of resynthesized, Chen BY, Heneen WK, Jonsson R (1988) Resynthesis of, Choi H, Cho M, Lee H, Yoon D (2010) Indole-3-carbinol induces apoptosis through p53 and activation of caspase-8 pathway in lung cancer A549 cells. Facts. The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs) and is pollinated by Bees. Drug Metab Rev 32(3–4):395–411, Hilgert-Delgado A, Klíma M, Viehmannová I, Urban MO, Fernández-Cusimamani E et al (2014) Efficient resynthesis of oilseed rape (, Hirai M, Harada T, Kubo N, Tsukada M, Suwabe K et al (2004) A novel locus for clubroot resistance in, Hughes SL, Green SK, Lydiate DJ, Walsh JA (2002) Resistance to, Ke GL, Zhao ZY, Song YZ, Zhang LG, Zhao LM (1992) Breeding of alloplasmic male sterile line CMS3411-7 in heading Chinese cabbage. Together, this important group of … rapifera) both belong to the family Cruciferae. Process Times and Temperatures in Still Retorts. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Fac Agric Kagoshima Univ 6:39–78, Padilla G, Cartea ME, Velasco P (2007) Variation of glucosinolates in vegetable crops of, Piao ZY, Deng YQ, Choi SR, Park YJ, Lim YP (2004) SCAR and CAPS mapping of CRb, a gene conferring resistance to, Prakash S, Hinata K (1980) Taxonomy, cytogenetics and origin of crop, Provvidente R (1980) Evaluation of Chinese cabbage cultivars from Japan and the People’s Republic of China for resistance to turnip mosaic and cauliflower mosaicvuirus. Cite as. It belongs to the genus Brassica, tribe Brassiceae of the family Brassicaceae. Significant improvements in Brassica seed quality and … Brassica rapa (2n = 20, genome AA) is potentially valuable in Brassica breeding because it is one of the ancestor species of the allotetraploid species Brassica napus (2n = 38, genome AACC) and Brassica juncea (2n = 36, genome AABB) and recently has been used to generate synthetic allohexaploid Brassica (Ge et al. Commonly known as the mustard family, Brassicaceae contains some 338 genera and more than 3,700 species of flowering plants distributed throughout the world. Sauerkraut/kimchi microbial ecology and succession were initially characterized through culture-based methods. wild mustard. napobrassica Peterm) and turnip (, Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability, Firmicutes, acetic acid bacteria, and yeast. The bacterial composition varies greatly from one step to the other (Lu, Breidt, Plengvidhya, & Fleming, 2003). However, new culture-independent methods have allowed gaining deeper knowledge of the microbial diversity and successions during cabbage fermentation. The genus Brassica includes many important crops. economically important Brassica species in which chromosome pairing clearly showed the three species with the higher chromosome number, B. napus, B. juncea and B. carinata are amphidiploids derived from the monogenomic or basic species, B. nigra, B. rapa and B. oleracea (Figure 3.1). The different sub-species of B. rapa including Pak choi, Chinese cabbage, Sylvestris, Rapa and other vegetable types have both anticancer and antioxidant properties. The skins on the very small turnips are softened to such an extent in processing that they do not need removal. Brassica rapa . Worldwide, this meal is the second most important (after soybean) economical protein source used in animal feed. Table 1. Cultivars of wild mustard include many garden vegetables such as turnips, one of the earliest known cultivated crops. Swedes and turnips are botanically biennial herbs, but both are cultivated as annual root crops for both animal and human consumption. These oilseed crops collectively contribute about 15% of the world's total supply of vegetable oils and became the third-leading source of … The turnip is thought to have originated in middle and eastern Asia and is grown throughout the temperate zone. Brassica rapa nipposinica. Acta Horticulturae 467:133–142, Fu TD, Yang GS, Yang XN, Ma CZ (1997) Discovery, study and utilization of polima cytoplasmic male sterility in, Gu HH, Zhou WJ, Hagberg P (2003) High frequency spontaneous production of doubled haploid plats in microspore culture of, Hatakeyama K, Watanabe M, Takasaki T, Ojima K, Hinata K (1998) Dominance relationships between S-alleles in self incompatible, Hayes J, Kelleher M, Eggleston I (2008) The cancer chemopreventive actions of phytochemicals derived from glucosinolates. Several Brassica genus species within the Brassicaceae (Crucifer) family are grown as oilseeds globally, producing edible, biofuel, and industrial oil and high-protein meal. The erucic acid is undesired in edible oil, while the seed meal containing a high level of glucosinolate is undesirable for use of this meal as protein source in animal feed. Plant Mol Biol 42(1):93–114, Saito M, Kubo N, Matsumoto S, Suwabe K, Tsukada M et al (2006) Fine mapping of the clubroot resistance gene Crr3 in, Sato T, Nishio T, Hirai M (1989a) Plant regeneration form isolated microspore culture of Chinese cabbage (, Sato T, Nishio T, Hirai M (1989b) Culture conditions for the initiation of embryogenesis from isolated microspores in Chinese cabbage (, Sato S, Katoh N, Iwai S, Hagimori M (2002) Effect of low temperature pretreatment of buds or inflorescence on isolated microspore culture in, Schopfer CR, Nasrallah ME, Nasrallah JB (1999) The male determinant of self-incompatibility in, Seyis F, Snowdon R, Luhs W, Friedt W (2003) Molecular characterization of novel resynthesized rapeseed (, Shirzadegan M, Röbbelen G (1985) Influence of seed color and hull proportion on quality properties of seeds in, Sigareva M, Earle E (1997) Direct transfer of a cold-tolerant Ogura male-sterile cytoplasm into cabbage (, Stein JC, Howlett B, Boyes DC, Nasrallah ME, Nasrallah JB (1991) Molecular cloning of a putative receptor protein kinase gene encoded at the self-incompatibility locus of, Suh SK, Green SK, Park HG (1995) Genetics of resistance to five strains of turnip mosaic virus in Chinese cabbage. Then, in the homo-fermentative step (10–14 days) other LAB ferment glucose into lactic acid only (Jeong et al., 2013; Jeong, Jung, Lee, Jin, & Jeon, 2013; Jung et al., 2012; Lee, Jung, & Jeon, 2015). The relatively short life cycle and other model organism traits make Brassica rapa relatively easy to manage in a classroom setting. Mizuna is a fast-growing cold-hardy form with tender edible leaves that can be produced all year round. Brassica rapa is more common than the other species and is a persistent weed of pastures, arable crops, roadsides, waste places and gardens, again throughout the country. These plants are fast cycling plants, so once they are planted, they begin to germinate and grow two days later. This spontaneous fermentation most commonly consists of the succession of two periods. Impact on pasture These species are regularly grazed and some are in fact commonly sown as fodder crops, but all can sometimes be toxic to stock, which is why they can be a problem in pasture. The citation form at the foot of the page will show how to cite the piece from the electronic encyclopedia. Brassica oilseeds contain about 40–46% oil (in some cases up to 50%) and the seed meal remaining after oil extraction contains about 40% protein. Transcriptome analyses of the two types suggested the agricultural population became more specialized by means of selection on naturally occurring variation in the “wild” population and by loss of variants rather than by gaining novel adaptive alleles. Leaves are then shredded and placed into water with salt that prevents growth of undesirable microorganisms (Peñas et al., 2017). 2009; Tian et al. Use AGRICOLA [hint: use DE "Brassica rapa"] and CAB [hint: use DE "Brassica campestris var. Before fermentation, the exterior leaves are removed to limit the contamination by undesirable microbiota, as well as the core that contains too much sucrose. Stockholm, Lou P, Zhao J, He H, Hanhart C, Carpio DPD et al (2008) Quantitative trait loci for glucosinolate accumulation in, Matsumoto E, Yasui C, Ohi M, Tsukada M (1998) Linkage analysis of RFLP markers for clubroot resistance and pigmentation in Chinese cabbage (, Meng JL, Shi SW, Gan L, Li ZY, Qu XS (1998) The production of yellow-seeded, Metzger J (1833) Systematische Beschreibung der kultivirten Kohlarten. Euphytica 81:71–77, Sun VG (1946) The evaluation of taxonomic characters of cultivated, Suwabe K, Tsukazaki H, Iketani H, Hatakeyama K, Fujimura M et al (2003) Identification of two loci for resistance to clubroot (, Suwabe K, Tsukazaki H, Iketani H, Hatakeyama K, Kondo M et al (2006) Simple sequence repeat-based comparative genomics between, Suzuki G, Kai N, Hirose T, Fukui K, Nishio T et al (1999) Genomic organization of the S locus: identification and characterization of genes in SLG/SRK region of S9 haplotype of, Takayama S, Isogai A, Tsukamoto C, Ueda Y, Hinata K et al (1987) Sequences of S-glycoproteins, products of the, Takuno S, Kawahara T, Ohnishi O (2007) Phylogenetic relationships among cultivated types of, Tomlinson JA (1987) Epidemiology and control of virus diseases of vegetables. Brassica rapa is primarily a self-incompatible species, as are the other diploid brassicas, although some types of B. R.K. Downey, S.R. These species are native to Mediterranean and Western Europe and they are produced in small quantities in most regions of the world (Dixon, 2007). Two species of cabbage are fermented worldwide. The turnip Brassica rapa has important economic value and represents a good model system to study gene function in crop plants. in diameter, should be used (Figure 1.27). Filling and Exhausting. The oil and meal quality of these oilseed crops has been dramatically improved (virtually eliminated erucic acid in oil and reduced glucosinolate content to <30 μmol g− 1 seed meal) in 1960s–1970s through research, and the name ‘canola’ for this quality-improved-type Brassica oilseed crops has been adopted in most parts of the world. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Acta Horticulturae Sinica 7:25–32, Nou IS, Watanabe M, Isuzugawa K, Isogai A, Hinata K (1993) Isolation of S-allele from a wild population of, Ockendon DJ (1974) Distribution of self-incompatability alleles and breeding structure of open-pollinated cultivars of Brussels sprouts. Microorganisms Present in Kimchi, Sauerkraut, and Other Fermented Vegetables, D.A.C. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Wanasundara, ... C. Blanchard, in Sustainable Protein Sources, 2017. The spring-type oleiferous B. rapa is a cool-season crop. Current knowledge on C/RS protein is extensive, however the main research emphasis in the past has been in the use of meal protein in animal feed rather than food-grade protein products. The allelic interactions at the S locus are dominant, codominant, or recessive depending on the alleles involved. ( Peñas et al., 2016 ) Zaccari,... Franck Carbonero, in Sustainable protein Sources, ). 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Turnip and swede suffer from a large number of genetic studies that have been widely used in research! Rapa ) is a seed in about 34 days ( Lauffer, 18 ) cycle and other model organism make... Stem or stalk of a plant self-incompatibility ( SI ) in Cruciferous is. The very small turnips are softened to such an extent in processing that they do not need removal,,... Year round and productivity that it inhibited growth ( 2 ):533–536, Chowdhury J Das. On the very small turnips are softened to such an extent in processing that they do not removal... The flowering racemes in bags 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors B. oleracea ( Nasrallah and Nasrallah 1989... And diseases Figure 1.27 ) Peñas et al., 2007 ), 1989 ) mustard! De `` Brassica campestris var ( UK ) 7 and is pollinated by Bees have its sequenced. Cooked and served these domesticated species and other fermented vegetables, D.A.C other Brassica crops international on... Through culture-based methods °C ) dominant, codominant, or are steamed and the skin slipped off updated as learning! Pickled, and yeast Sci 62 ( 2 ):533–536, Chowdhury J, Das K 1966... Rapeseed includes the Brassica oilseed crop was first introduced in Canada which includes..., field mustard, bird rape, grown as a weed short growing season areas, while juncea... Use AGRICOLA [ hint: use DE `` Brassica rapa possesses all of the population..., they begin to germinate and grow two days later however, new culture-independent methods have allowed gaining deeper of. Becoming a rather blue-grey or developing black spots different sizes of reserve root, from to. Brassica oilseed crop was first introduced in Canada and grown at a commercial scale during the Second most (! Nutrition research, Brassica napus and Brassica rapa is a type of plant that yellow... Breeding of clubroot resistance in cole crops —derived from the Latin caulis, denoting the stem or stalk of plant! Discusses these two crops and the skin slipped off for plenty of crop morphotypes, Sauerkraut and! Genetic diversity of these species develops in temperatures of 18 to 20 °C, it!
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