Research is focused on the secondary mechanisms of photodegradation of cellulose acetate to help make up for some of the limitations of biodegradation. Cigarette manufacturers have described cigarettes as a drug administration system for the delivery of nicotine in acceptable and attractive form. Most modern cigarettes are filtered, although this does not make them safer. ], Filling a cigarette tube is usually done with a cigarette injector (also known as a shooter). The United States was the first,[69] later followed by other countries including Canada, most of Europe, Australia,[70] Pakistan,[71] India, Hong Kong, and Singapore. The alcohol is simply the cellulose polymer chain with the acetate replaced with an alcohol group. [94] When studying the environmental impact of cigarette filters, the various chemicals that can be found in cigarette filters are not studied individually, due to its complexity. Abridgments of specifications", "A Brief History Of Cigarette Advertising", "Projekt Gutenberg-DE - SPIEGEL ONLINE - Nachrichten - Kultur", "Angel H Roffo: The forgotten father of experimental tobacco carcinogenesis", "Effectiveness of cigarette warning labels in informing smokers about the risks of smoking: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey", "WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2019 Country profile Netherlands", WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, "Bhutan smokers huff and puff over tobacco ban - Features", "World's smallest state aims to become the first smoke-free paradise island - Australasia - World", "What a drag ⦠Iceland considers prescription-only cigarettes | World news", "WHO | Brazil - Flavoured cigarettes banned", "Eyes on Trade: Brazil's flavored cigarette ban now targeted", "UK | England | Bristol/Somerset | Retailers sell tobacco to youths", "U.S. Aided Cigarette Firms in Conquests Across Asia", "State Excise Tax Rates On Cigarettes (January 1, 2007)", "Les cigarettes anti-incendie seront obligatoires en 2011", "European Union Pushes for Self-Extinguishing Cigarettes", "U.S. Suit Alleges Philip Morris Hid Cigarette-Fire Risk", "Smoking article wrapper for controlling burn rate and method for making same - Philip Morris Incorporated", "NFPA :: Safety Information :: For consumers :: Causes :: Smoking :: Coalition for Fire-Safe Cigarettes", "Method and apparatus for making banded smoking article wrappers - US Patent 5342484 Full Text", "States that have passed fire-safe cigarette laws", "Ontario set to ban cigarette display cases", "A Proposal to Regulate the Display and Promotion of Tobacco and Tobacco-Related Products at Retail", "F.D.A. The most important chemical compounds causing cancer are those that produce DNA damage since such damage appears to be the primary underlying cause of cancer. Cigarettes are a frequent source of deadly fires in private homes, which prompted both the European Union and the United States to require cigarettes to be fire-standard compliant. Photosensitized degradation, though, uses a species that absorbs radiation and transfers the energy to the cellulose acetate to start the degradation process. Just pull this out and offer her a clove or American Spirit and you'll be discussing liberal agendas or local brews forever more. [26] However, production climbed markedly when another cigarette-making machine was developed in the 1880s by James Albert Bonsack, which vastly increased the productivity of cigarette companies, which went from making about 40,000 hand-rolled cigarettes daily to around 4 million.[27]. [2][3][4][5] Cigarettes are addictive (because of nicotine) and cause cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, and other health problems. [90], Cigarette tubes are prerolled cigarette paper usually with an acetate or paper filter at the end. The main wordmark was still in all capitals of the serif font, but with the letter, “A” enlarged. Modern cigarettes produced after the 1950s, although composed mainly of shredded tobacco leaf, use a significant quantity of tobacco processing byproducts in the blend. Within countries, patterns of cigarette consumption also can vary widely. Sourcing Guide for Elegance Cigarette: Explore the widest collection of home decoration and construction products on sale. Vancouver group pushes cigarette-butt recycling plan", "City and TerraCycle launch cigarette butt collection and recycling program", "Cigarettes butts and the case for an environmental policy on hazardous cigarette waste", "The world litters 4.5 trillion cigarette butts a year. [84] To improve the economics of producing cigarettes, these byproducts are processed separately into forms where they can then be added back into the cigarette blend without an apparent or marked change in the cigarette's quality. [130] Smoking rates have leveled off or declined in most countries but is increasing in some low- and middle-income countries. The significant reductions in smoking rates in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Brazil, and other countries that implemented strong tobacco control programs[according to whom?] Due to recent U.S. legislation prohibiting the use of these descriptors, tobacco manufacturers are turning to color-coding to allow consumers to differentiate between regular and light brands. The ultimate mission of RELX is to accelerate the transition to cigarette alternatives for one billion smokers worldwide through their products. shorten or reduce, was a short four-wheeled closed carriage with an inside seat for two and an outside seat for the driver and this smaller vehicle was intended for use in the town or city (de ville). $20.00. Since January 1, 2007, all cigarette machines in public places in Germany must attempt to verify a customer's age by requiring the insertion of a debit card. Chemical hydrolysis is the cleavage of a chemical bond by addition of water. Research has shown that the fall in overall nicotine content has led to smokers inhaling larger volumes per puff. The gray inscription was placed on a light-brown craft pack. Cigarettes have always been gross and deadly. [25], The first patented cigarette-making machine was invented by Juan Nepomuceno Adorno of Mexico in 1847. Market testing shows the influence of this dimension in shifting the consumer's choice when the same product displays in an alternative package. Other Max ads marketed the brand as sexy, comparing Max cigarettes to an attractive man named Max: "Say hello to Max" ads from 1975 read. Cigarette smoke contains over 7,000 chemical compounds, including arsenic, formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide, lead, nicotine, carbon monoxide, acrolein, and other poisonous substances. The cigarette range includes varieties like the Magnum, Magnum Lights, Supreme, Classic, Mild, Lights, Slims, Super Slims, Ultra lights, Menthol, Menthol Lights, One and Gold. - NSW Fire Brigades", "Discarded cigarette butt causes airport chaos - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)", "Degradation of Cellulose Acetate-Based Materials: A Review", "Bulletin of the American Littoral Society, Volume 26, Number 2, August 2000", "Acetylesterase-mediated deacetylation of pectin impairs cell elongation, pollen germination, and plant reproduction", "Effects of Natural Polymer Acetlation on the anaerobic Dioconversion to Methane and Carbon Dioxide", "Study on Photocatalytic Oxidation (PCO) Raises Questions About Formaldehyde as a Byproduct in Indoor Air", "Accidents, fires: Price of littering goes beyond fines", "No more butts: biodegradable filters a step to boot litter problem", "Cigarette Butts and the Case for an Environmental Policy on Hazardous Cigarette Waste", "Smoking Prevalence and Cigarette Consumption in 187 Countries, 1980-2012", "Australia's Graphic Cigarette Pack Warnings Appear to Work", "Age-standardized prevalence of current tobacco smoking among persons aged 15 years or older, 2016", https://tobaccoatlas.org/topic/consumption/, "NICOTINE, TAR, AND CO CONTENT OF DOMESTIC CIGARETTES", "HEALTH | Cigarettes 'cut life by 11 minutes, "Time for a smoke? The leaf tobacco is then shredded, along with a specified amount of small laminate, expanded tobacco, BL, RL, ES, and IS. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [181] E-liquids are also sold without propylene glycol,[182] nicotine,[183] or flavors. [202] Nicotine itself is associated with some health harms. In 1985, Iceland became the first country to enforce graphic warnings on cigarette packaging. Generally, states that rely on tobacco as a significant farm product tend to tax cigarettes at a low rate. Proper disposal into receptacles leads to decreased numbers found in the environment and their effect on the environment. On average, each cigarette smoked is estimated to shorten life by 11 minutes. Vionnet was relaunched by Guy and Arnaud de Lummen in the mid-1990s with perfumes and accessories, and then in … The processing of brightleaf and burley tobaccos for tobacco leaf "strips" produces several byproducts such as leaf stems, tobacco dust, and tobacco leaf pieces ("small laminate"). The distinctive design of the Vogue packs symbolizes elegance, class and refinement. [1], Max was mainly sold in the United States, but was also sold in the United Kingdom, Poland, Romania and Israel. Vogue cigarette brand belongs to a decorative or fashionable kind on the cigarettes market and is sold primarily to women. [126] Recent research has been put into finding ways to use the filter waste to develop a desired product. [72][73] At the end of December 2010, new regulations from Ottawa increased the size of tobacco warnings to cover three-quarters of the cigarette package in Canada. Finally, the tobacco mixture is filled into cigarette tubes and packaged. Cone smoking is popular because as the cigarette burns, it tends to get stronger and stronger. Singapore and the Australian state of Tasmania have proposed a 'tobacco free millennium generation initiative' by banning the sale of all tobacco products to anyone born in and after the year 2000. [44] New Zealand hopes to achieve being tobacco-free by 2025 and Finland by 2040. [40], Many governments impose restrictions on smoking tobacco, especially in public areas. [1] The cigarette is ignited at one end, causing it to smolder; the resulting smoke is orally inhaled via the opposite end. [124] Another option is developing better biodegradable filters; much of this work relies heavily on the research in the secondary mechanism for photodegradation as stated above, but a new research group has developed an acid tablet that goes inside the filters, and once wet enough, releases acid that speeds up the degradation to around two weeks. right temperature, and available organisms to provide the enzymes). [180] E-liquids usually contain propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, flavorings, additives, and differing amounts of contaminants. [208], This article is about the small paper-wrapped cylindrical object used for smoking. Retrieved November 25, 2019, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website: World Health Organization. To help clarify the information which appears below: G. A. Georgopulo& Company was formed in 1905, and some of the brands that they made are listed further down. [115], The first step in the biodegradation of cellulose acetate is the deactylation of the acetate from the polymer chain (which is the opposite of acetylation). In ultralight cigarettes, the filter's perforations are larger. These cigarettes have a reduced idle burning speed which allows them to self-extinguish. It also banned the majority of the estimated 600 additives used, permitting only eight. [195][196] It is estimated their safety risk to users is similar to that of smokeless tobacco. Smoking rates in the United States have dropped by more than half from 1965 to 2016, falling from 42% to 15.5% of US adults. Max was an American brand of 120mm cigarettes which was owned and manufactured by the Lorillard Tobacco Company of Greensboro, North Carolina, United States. [140] Although factors such as genetic comorbidity, innate propensity for risk taking, and social influences may underlie these findings, both human neuroimaging and animal studies suggest a neurobiological mechanism also plays a role. The number of nicotinic receptors in the brain returns to the level of a nonsmoker between 6 and 12 weeks after quitting. [125] The research is still only in test phase and the hope is soon it will go into production. (Update 3/30/15: See also Forgotten Cigarette Brands Part II) Cigarettes today are not what they used to be. Discarded cigarette filters usually end up in the water system through drainage ditches and are transported by rivers and other waterways to the ocean. [95] It is also called a fag-end or dog-end. Researchers instead focus on the whole cigarette filter and its LD50. Since Max served a small, niche market to begin with, the decline brought the death knell of the brand in the summer of 2010. [185][186][187] There is tentative evidence they may help people quit smoking,[188] although they have not been proven to be more effective than smoking cessation medicine. Smoldering cigarette filters have also been blamed for triggering fires from residential areas[106] to major wildfires and bushfires which has caused major property damage and also death[107][108][109] as well as disruption to services by triggering alarms and warning systems. [129] In 2017, 5.4 trillion cigarettes were produced globally, and were smoked by almost 1 billion people. Most factory-made cigarettes are equipped with a filter; those who roll their own can buy them separately. [118] It is degraded within 14 weeks under anaerobic conditions of incubation with special cultures of fungi. "Differential mortality is always likely to be a problem where there is a need to investigate the effects of smoking in a disorder with very low incidence rates before age 75 years, which is the case of Alzheimer's disease", it stated, noting that smokers are only half as likely as nonsmokers to survive to the age of 80. Once the acetate group is removed from the cellulose chain, the polymer can be readily degraded by cellulase, which is another enzyme found in fungi, bacteria, and protozoans. A cigarette is distinguished from a cigar by its usually smaller size, use of processed leaf, and paper wrapping, which is typically white. swamps and bogs). [167]:2296 Cessation of smoking leads to symptoms of nicotine withdrawal such as anxiety and irritability. [157], Second-hand smoke is a mixture of smoke from the burning end of a cigarette and the smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers. Bhutan is currently the only country in the world to completely outlaw the cultivation, harvesting, production, and sale of tobacco and tobacco products under the Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan 2010. [190] Following the possibility of nicotine addiction from e-cigarette use, there is concern children may start smoking cigarettes. A cigarette is a narrow cylinder containing psychoactive material, typically tobacco, that is rolled into thin paper for smoking. [75], As of April 2011, Australian regulations require all packs to use a bland olive green that researchers determined to be the least attractive color,[76] with 75% coverage on the front of the pack and all of the back consisting of graphic health warnings. This cigarette has been the preference of most women because of its smooth taste, high quality and affordable prices. It may even be possible to ban the sale of filtered cigarettes altogether on the basis of their adverse environmental impact. [37][38][39], Since 1950, the average nicotine and tar content of cigarettes has steadily fallen. [117] Due to the conditions that affect the process, large variation in the degradation time of cellulose acetate occurs. have been offset by the increasing consumption in low income countries, especially China. Other countries have considered similar measures. light). [21] This was helped by the development of tobaccos suitable for cigarette use, and by the development of the Egyptian cigarette export industry. Singer Madonna is shown smoking a Vogue brand cigarette in the video for her 1990 single Vogue. Every 10% increase in the price of cigarettes reduces youth smoking by about 7% and overall cigarette consumption by about 4%. [51], Cigarettes are taxed both to reduce use, especially among youth, and to raise revenue. [61] Cigarette paper has been specially engineered by creating bands of different porosity to create "fire-safe" cigarettes. I agree with my fellow answered light cigarettes make you smoke more which is harmful as much as normal cigarettes. Was: $112.44. [12] Second-hand smoke from cigarettes causes many of the same health problems as smoking, including cancer,[13][14][15][16] which has led to legislation and policy that has prohibited smoking in many workplaces and public areas. In the 2006 International Coastal Cleanup, cigarettes and cigarette butts constituted 24.7% of the total collected pieces of garbage, over twice as many as any other category, which is not surprising seeing the numbers in the table above of waste produced each year. [citation needed], One of the classes of chemicals on the list, ammonia salts, convert bound nicotine molecules in tobacco smoke into free nicotine molecules. 4.3 out of 5 stars 1,799. For example, in many of the countries where few women smoke, smoking rates are often high in males (e.g., in Asia). Both products are then dried. [184], The benefits and the health risks of e-cigarettes are uncertain. Cone-shaped cigarette tubes, known as cones, can be filled using a packing stick or straw because of their shape. Cigarette filters are made up of thousands of polymer chains of cellulose acetate, which has the chemical structure shown to the right. The band signed to A-Sketch in 2012 and have currently released five studio albums, two independent albums, one demo album, one compilation album, one extended play and eight singles. The term cigarette, as commonly used, refers to a tobacco cigarette but is sometimes used to refer to other substances, such as a cannabis cigarette. [200] Less serious adverse effects include abdominal pain, headache, blurry vision,[201] throat and mouth irritation, vomiting, nausea, and coughing. Berlin: J. F. Lehmanns Verlag. [164] Methods that have been found to be effective include interventions directed at or through health care providers and health care systems; medications including nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and varenicline; individual and group counselling; and web-based or stand-alone computer programs. [194] Regulated US Food and Drug Administration nicotine replacement products may be safer than e-cigarettes,[193] but e-cigarettes are generally seen as safer than combusted tobacco products. A reward of 1¢ per collected butt was offered to determine the effectiveness of a deposit system similar to that of beverage containers.[97][98]. These materials have demonstrated superior performance as compared to commercially available carbon, grapheme, and carbon nanotubes. [167]:2300â2301 The addiction begins when nicotine acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to release neurotransmitters such as dopamine, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid. During the Vietnam War, cigarettes were included with C-ration meals. Temperature is another major factor, if the organisms that contain the enzymes are too cold to grow, then biodegradation is severely hindered. However, Max was not specifically introduced as an extension to the Kent line, in an effort to capitalize on Kent rejectors and non-Kent smokers. [140] Strong, temporal, and dose-dependent associations have been reported, and a plausible biological mechanism (via rodent and human modeling) suggests that long-term changes in the neural reward system take place as a result of adolescent smoking. [34] Canada, Mexico, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Thailand, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru,[35] Greece, the Netherlands,[36] New Zealand, Norway, Hungary, the United Kingdom, France, Romania, Singapore, Egypt, Jordan, Nepal and Turkey, however, have both textual warnings and graphic visual images displaying, among other things, the damaging effects tobacco use has on the human body. Another version of the cigarette’s logo was created in 1931. [57][58], According to Simon Chapman, a professor of public health at the University of Sydney, reduction of burning agents in cigarettes would be a simple and effective means of dramatically reducing the ignition propensity of cigarettes. [17] Over 70 of these are carcinogens.[18]. Philips Respironics Innospire Elegance Nebulizer (White) 4.4 out of 5 stars 49 ... TarTrap Disposable Cigarette Filters, 300 per Pack. The Oral Cigarettes (ジ オーラル シガレッツ), stylized as THE ORAL CIGARETTES is a four-member Japanese alternative rock band from Nara Prefecture, formed in July 2010. This allows for a simpler study of the toxicity of cigarettes filters. Most countries in the world have a legal vending age of 18. The cigarette and the cigar were the most common methods of smoking in the Caribbean, Mexico, and Central and South America until recent times. [11][143][144] Starting smoking earlier in life and smoking cigarettes higher in tar increases the risk of these diseases. Dubai: The Complete Residents' Guide - Page 27, 2006, Ottawa to increase size of tobacco warning to cover 3/4 of cigarette package, The Nelson contemporary English dictionary - Page 187, W. T. Cunningham - 1977. ", "The electronic cigarette: the new cigarette of the 21st century? 0 bids. [191][192] Their part in tobacco harm reduction is unclear,[193] while another review found they appear to have the potential to lower tobacco-related death and disease. Chesterfield was the first cigarette to add an extra layer of wrapping to their pack to preserve moisture (1916). "Hello long, lean and delicious". This fact has historically been an impediment for health groups seeking to discourage cigarette smoking, since governments seek to maximize tax revenues. [81] While the assembly of cigarettes is straightforward, much focus is given to the creation of each of the components, in particular the tobacco blend. They are the most numerically frequent litter in the world. Max was launched in 1975 to capitalize on what appeared to be a 120mm cigarettes phenomenon, and was Lorillard's answer to More and Saratoga brands. The "holy grail" for cigarette companies has been a cancer-free cigarette. Expanded (ES) or improved stem (IS): ES is rolled, flattened, and shredded leaf stems that are expanded by being soaked in water and rapidly heated. Early "failure" is a normal part of trying to stop, and more than one attempt at stopping smoking prior to longer-term success is common. [159] Sudden infant death syndrome, ear infections, respiratory infections, and asthma attacks can occur in children who are exposed to second-hand smoke. Next. One recent study has looked at the toxicity of smoked cigarette filters (smoked filter + tobacco), smoked cigarette filters (no tobacco), and unsmoked cigarette filters (no tobacco). The butt is typically about 30% of the cigarette's original length. This could lead to toxin build-up (bioaccumulation) in the food chain and have long reaching negative effects. As such, using an e-cigarette is often called "vaping".The atomizer is a heating element that atomizes a liquid solution called e-liquid. [140] Adolescent smokers of conventional cigarettes have disproportionately high rates of comorbid substance abuse, and longitudinal studies have suggested that early adolescent smoking may be a starting point or "gateway" for substance abuse later in life, with this effect more likely for persons with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). [59] Since the 1980s, prominent cigarette manufacturers such as Philip Morris and R.J. Reynolds developed fire safe cigarettes, but did not market them. In Canada, most of the provinces require smokers to be 19 years of age to purchase cigarettes (except for Quebec and the prairie provinces, where the age is 18). The major factor that affects the biodegradation duration is the availability of acetylesterase and cellulase enzymes. RELX endeavors to make its products as simple and user-friendly as possible, allowing customers to smoke everywhere with less stress. The second reaction is exactly the same as chemical hydrolysis with the exception of the use of an acetylesterase enzyme. [203] In 2019 and 2020, an outbreak of severe lung illness throughout the US was linked to the use of vaping products[204], E-cigarettes create vapor made of fine and ultrafine particles of particulate matter,[202] which have been found to contain propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, flavors, small amounts of toxicants,[202] carcinogens,[205] and heavy metals, as well as metal nanoparticles, and other substances. Intended for the most committed smokers, they had among the highest tar and nicotine content of all cigarette brands. Nearly all countries have laws restricting places where people can smoke in public, and over 40 countries have comprehensive smoke-free laws that prohibit smoking in virtually all public venues. All U.S. states are gradually passing fire-safe mandates. Roffo, A. H. (January 8, 1940). The Vogue cigarette's style was based on the 1950s couture captured by Henry Clarke. [189] There is concern with the possibility that non-smokers and children may start nicotine use with e-cigarettes at a rate higher than anticipated than if they were never created. [22] Some American reformers promoted the spelling cigaret,[23][24] but this was never widespread and is now largely abandoned. None of these additives is listed as an ingredient on the cigarette pack(s). [11] Every year, tobacco cigarettes kill more than 8 million people worldwide; with 1.2 million of those being non-smokers dying as the result of exposure to second-hand smoke. We sell only the highest quality American-grown tobacco, imported cigar tobacco, genuine Virginia Bright Leaf, Virginia Lemon, imported Turkish Tobacco and more at the best prices available anywhere. In the United States, the age to buy tobacco products is 21 in all states as of 2020. "[171] Instead of cigarette smoke, the user inhales an aerosol, commonly called vapor. Vionnet is an haute couture label founded by the French couturier Madeleine Vionnet.Established in 1912, the house of Vionnet closed doors in 1939. Cigarettes may have been initially used in a manner similar to pipes, cigars, and cigarillos and not inhaled; for evidence, see the Lucky Strike ad campaign asking Max cigarettes were introduced under the Kent name, to capitalize on Kent parentage and subsequent strength, as well as well known perception of effective filtration. E-cigarettes typically have a heating element that atomizes a liquid solution called e-liquid. Sales of Max lagged behind these two brands throughout the 70s and early 80s, but they did do better than Tall 120s, Eve 120s, the Original Virginia Slims 120s (introduced in 1976, in Fresno, CA, and quickly discontinued), and Dawn 120s (also quickly discontinued). Due to its recent dynamic economic development and continued population growth, Africa presents the greatest risk in terms of future growth in tobacco use. Filters are typically made from cellulose acetate fibre. The distinctive design of the package is intended to symbolize elegance, class and refinement. Clowes Memorial Award Lecture", "Evaluation of mutagenic effects of formaldehyde in vitro: detection of crosslinks and mutations in mouse lymphoma cells", "Acrylonitrile-induced oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage in male Sprague-Dawley rats", "Epigenetic mechanisms of mouse interstrain variability in genotoxicity of the environmental toxicant 1,3-butadiene", "[13C2]-Acetaldehyde promotes unequivocal formation of 1,N2-propano-2'-deoxyguanosine in human cells", "Secondhand Smoke and Cancer - National Cancer Institute", "CDC - Fact Sheet - Secondhand Smoke Facts - Smoking & Tobacco Use", "The global research neglect of unassisted smoking cessation: causes and consequences", "Fruits And Vegetables May Help Smokers Quit -- And Stay Off -- Tobacco", "The Global Research Neglect of Unassisted Smoking Cessation: Causes and Consequences", "Abstinent Smokers' Nicotinic Receptors Take More Than a Month to Normalize", "FDA authorizes low-nicotine cigarettes by 22nd Century Group for public sale", "Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes", "Electronic cigarettes: patterns of use, health effects, use in smoking cessation and regulatory issues", "Electronic nicotine delivery system (electronic cigarette) awareness, use, reactions and beliefs: a systematic review", "Key issues surrounding the health impacts of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and other sources of nicotine", "Electronic Cigarettes: A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association", "Nicotine absorption from electronic cigarette use: Comparison between first and new-generation devices", "Electronic cigarette evolution from the first to fourth generation and beyond", "Is there a role for e-cigarettes in smoking cessation? 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